Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
      Publication_Date: 19990631
      Title: Michigan Land Cover Data Set
      Edition: 1
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD USA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/nationallandcover.html
  Description:
    Abstract:
      These data can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) for any
      number of purposes such as assessing wildlife habitat, water quality,
pesticide runoff, land use change, etc. The State data sets are provided with a 300 meter buffer beyond the State border to faciliate combining the State files into larger regions.

The user must have a firm understanding of how the datasets were compiled and the resulting limitations of these data.  The National Land Cover Dataset was compiled from Landsat satellite TM imagery (circa 1992) with a spatial resolution of 30 meters and supplemented by various ancillary data (where available). The analysis and interpretation of the satellite imagery was conducted using very large, sometimes multi-state image mosaics (i.e. up to 18 Landsat scenes). Using a relatively small number of aerial photographs for
'ground truth', the thematic interpretations were necessarily conducted from a spatially-broad perspective.  Furthermore, the accuracy assessments (see below) correspond to 'federal regions' which are groupings of contiguous states.  Thus, the reliability of the data is greatest at the state or multi-state level.  The statistical accuracy of the data is known only for the region.

      Important Caution Advisory

With this in mind, users are cautioned to carefully scrutinize the data to see if they are of sufficient reliability before attempting to use the dataset for larger-scale or local analyses.  This evaluation must be made remembering that the NLCD represents conditions in the early 1990s.

      The Michigan portion of the NLCD was created as part of land
      Cover mapping activities for Federal Region V that includes the States
      of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
      The NLCD classification contains 21 different land cover
categories with a spatial resolution of 30 meters.  The NLCD was produced  as a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to produce a consistent,land cover data layer for the conterminous U.S. using early 1990s Landsat thematic mapper (TM) data purchased by the Multi-resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) Consortium.  The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of federal agencies that produce or use land cover data.  Partners include the USGS (National Mapping, Biological Resources, and Water Resources
Divisions), US EPA, the U.S. Forest Service, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    Purpose:
      The main objective of this project was to generate a generalized
      and nationally consistent land cover data layer for the entire
      conterminous United States.  These data can be used as a layer in
      a geographic information system (GIS) for any number of purposes
      such assessing wildlife habitat, water quality and pesticide runoff,
      land use change, etc.
    Supplemental_Information:
The land cover data files are provided as a 'Geo-TIFF'(on CDROM) or 8 bit binary files (from FTP site).  The land cover data sets are single band raster images.  The X/Y corner coordinates for Michigan are 428490/2835390 (projection meters, center of upper left pixel).
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1989
        Ending_Date: 1995
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -90.266
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.558
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.402
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.350
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: Land Use/Land Cover
      Theme_Keyword: Land Management
      Theme_Keyword: Land Resources
      Theme_Keyword: EDC
      Theme_Keyword: EPA
      Theme_Keyword: EROS
      Theme_Keyword: Imagery
      Theme_Keyword: Land Characterization
      Theme_Keyword: Land Cover
      Theme_Keyword: Landsat
      Theme_Keyword: MRLC
      Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing
      Theme_Keyword: Satellite
      Theme_Keyword: Space Imaging
      Theme_Keyword: USGS
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977, Countries, dependencies, areas
        of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions
        (Federal Information Processing Standard 10-3):Washington, D.C.,
        National Institute of Standards and Technology.
      Place_Keyword: North America
      Place_Keyword: United States of America
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia, and the outlying areas of the
        United States and associated areas Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-20; Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards
        and Technology.
      Place_Keyword: Michigan
      Place_Keyword: MI
  Access_Constraints: None.
  Use_Constraints:
    None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be
    appreciated in products derived from these data.
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          EROS Data Center
      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
        City: Sioux Falls
        State_or_Province: SD
        Postal_Code: 57198
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (605) 594-6151
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (605) 594-6933
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (605) 594-6589
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: CUSTSERV@EDCMAIL.CR.USGS.GOV
  Data_Set_Credit:
    This work was performed by the Raytheon STX Corporation under
    U.S. Geological Survey Contract 1434-92-C-40004.
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      An accuracy assessment is done on all NLCD on a Federal Region basis
      following a revision cycle that incorporates feedback from MRLC
      Consortium partners and affiliated users.  The accuracy assessments
      are conducted by private sector vendors under contract to the USEPA.
      A protocol has been established by the USGS and USEPA that incorporates
      a two-stage, geographically stratified cluster sampling plan (Zhu et
      al., 1999)utilizing National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP)
      photographs as the sampling frame and the basic sampling unit.  In
      this design a NAPP photograph is defined as a 1st stage or primary
      sampling unit (PSU), and a sampled pixel within each PSU is treated
      as a 2nd stage or secondary sampling unit (SSU).
      
      PSU's are selected from a sampling grid based on NAPP flight-lines and
      photo centers, each grid cell measures 15' X 15' (minutes of
latitude/longitude) and consists of 32 NHAP photographs.  A geographically stratified random sampling is performed with 1 NAPP photo being randomly selected from each cell (geographic strata), if a sampled photo falls outside of the regional boundary it is not used.  Second stage sampling is accomplished by selecting SSU's (pixels) within each PSU (NAPP photo) to provide the actual locations for the reference land cover classification.
      
      The SSU's are manually interpreted and misclassification errors are
      estimated and described using a traditional error matrix as well as a
      number of other important measures including the overall proportion of
      pixels correctly classified, user's and producer's accuracies, and
      omission and commission error probabilities.
      
      At the time of CD release (Fall 2000), the accuracy assessment was not
      complete.  For the Region V accuracy assessment please check the NLCD
      Website: http://edcwww.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/nationallandcover.html.
      The accuracy assessment numbers will be posted there around January,
      2001.
      
      While we believe that the approach taken has yielded a very good
      general land cover classification product for a very large region,
      it is important to indicate to the user where there might be some
      potential problems. The biggest concerns are listed below:
      
      1) Accurate definition of the transitional barren class was extremely
difficult.  The majority of pixels in this class correspond to clear-cut forests in various stages of regrowth.  Spectrally, fresh clear-cuts are very similar to row-crops in the leaves-off data.  Manual correction of coding errors was performed to improve differentiation between row-crops and clear-cuts, but some errors may still be found.  As regrowth occurs in a clear-cut region, the definition of transitional barren versus a forested class becomes problematic.  An attempt was made to classify only fresh clear-cuts or those in the earliest stages of regrowth, but there are likely forested regions classed as transitional barren and vice versa.
      
      2) Due to the confusion between clear-cuts, regrowth in clear-cuts,
      Forested areas, and shrublands, no attempts were made to populate the
      shrubland classes.  Any shrubland areas that exist in this area are
classed in their like forest class, i.e. deciduous shrubland is classed as deciduous forest, etc.
      
  Logical_Consistency_Report:
    An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to classify the
    mosaicked multiple leaf-off TM scenes.  Aerial photographs were
    used to interpret and label classes into land cover categories and
    ancillary data sources resolved the class confusion.  Further land
    cover information from leaf-on TM data, NWI data, and other sources
    were incorporated to refine and augment the "basic" classification.

  Completeness_Report: All photo-interpretable data are mapped.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
        Each Landsat Thematic Mapper image used to create the NLCD was
        precision terrain-corrected using 3-arc-second digital terrain
        elevation data (DTED), and georegistered using ground control
        points.  This resulted in a root mean square registration error
        of less than 1 pixel (30 meters).
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 020/029
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19900511
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image1
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 020/030
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
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        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image2
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which
        the land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 020/031
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/028
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/029
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/030
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/031
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provided the base from which the
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    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provdes the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
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              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 020/031
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image21
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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        The image provides the base from which the
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            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/030
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
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        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image23
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 021/031
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      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD 57198
              USA
            Publisher: EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 022/029
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Series_Information:
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD  57198
              USA
            Publisher:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 022/030
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD  57198
              USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
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      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM scene
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD  57198
              USA
            Publisher:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
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      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the land cover
        classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM image
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD  57198
              USA
            Publisher:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 023/029
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image30
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
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        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            U.S. Geological Survey
            EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM image
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD 57198
            Publisher:
              EROS Data Center
              U.S. Geological Survey
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      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19920724
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image31
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM image
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD
            Publisher:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
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      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image32
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM image
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD  57198
            Publisher:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image33
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: Landsat TM image
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place:
              Sioux Falls, SD  57198
              USA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 025/028
      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data
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            Calendar_Date: 19920908
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image34
      Source_Contribution:
        The image provides the base from which the
        land cover classification is determined.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Land Cover Characterization:
        The project is being carried out on the basis of 10 Federal Regions
        that make up the conterminous United States; each region is comprised
        of multiple states; each region is processed in subregional units
        that are limited to the area covered by no more than 18 Landsat TM
        scenes. The general NLCD procedure is to: (1) mosaic subregional TM
        scenes and classify them using an unsupervised clustering algorithm,
        (2) interpret and label the clusters/classes using aerial photographs
as reference data, (3) resolve the labeling of confused clusters/classes using the appropriate  ancillary data source(s), and (4) incorporate land cover information from other data sets and perform manual edits to augment and refine the "basic" classification developed above.

        Two seasonally distinct TM mosaics are produced, a leaves-on version
        (summer) and a leaves-off (spring/fall) version.  TM bands 3, 4, 5,
        and 7 are mosaicked for both the leaves-on and leaves-off versions.
        For mosaick purposes, a base scene is selected for each mosaic and
the other scenes are adjusted to mimic spectral properties of the base scene using histogram matching in regions of spatial overlap.
Following mosaicking, either the leaves-off version or leaves-on version is selected to be the "base" for the land cover mapping process.  The 4
        TM bands of the "base" mosaic are clustered to produce a single 100-
        class image using an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Each of the
        spectrally distinct clusters/classes is then assigned to one or more
Anderson level 1 and 2 land cover classes using National High Altitude Photography program (NHAP)and National Aerial Photography program(NAPP) aerial photographs as a reference.  Almost invariably, individual spectral clusters/classes are confused between two or more land cover classes.

        Separation of the confused spectral clusters/classes into appropriate
        NLCD class is accomplished using ancillary data layers.  Standard
ancillary data layers include: the "non-base" mosaic TM bands and 100-class cluster image; derived TM normalized vegetation index (NDVI), various TM band ratios, TM date bands; 3-arc second Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief; population and housing density data; USGS land use and land cover (LUDA); and National Wetlands Inventory(NWI) data if available. Other ancillary data sources may include soils data, unique state or regional land cover data sets, or data from other federal programs such as the National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) of the USGS Biological Resources Division (BRD).  For a given confused spectral cluster/class, digital values of the various ancillary data layers are compared to determine:
        (1) which data layers are the most effective for splitting the
        confused cluster/class into the appropriate NLCD class, and (2) the
appropriate layer thresholds for making the split(s).  Models are then developed using one to several ancillary data layers to split the confused cluster/class into the NLCD class.  For example, a population density threshold is used to separate high-intensity residential areas from commercial/industrial/transportation.  Or a cluster/class might be confused between row crop and grasslands.  To split this particular cluster/class, a TM NDVI threshold might be identified and used with an elevation threshold in a class-splitting model to make the appropriate NLCD class assignments.  A purely spectral example is using the temporally opposite TM layers to discriminate confused cluster/classes such as hay pasture vs. row crops and deciduous forests vs. evergreen forests; simple thresholds that contrast the seasonal differences in vegetation between leaves-on vs. leaves-off.

        Not all cluster/class confusion can be successfully modeled out.
        Certain classes such as urban/recreational grasses or quarries/strip
mines/gravel pits that are not spectrally unique require manual editing.  These class features are typically visually identified and then reclassified using on-screen digitizing and recoding.  Other classes such as wetlands require the use of specific data sets such as NWI to provide the most accurate classification.  Areas lacking NWI data are typically subset out and modeling is used to estimate wetlands in these localized areas.  The final NLCD product results from the classification (interpretation and labeling) of the 100-class "base" cluster mosaic using both automated and manual processes, incorporating both spectral and conditional data layers.  For a more detailed explanation please
        see Vogelmann et al. 1998 and Vogelmann et al. 1998.

        Discussion:
While we believe that the approach taken has yielded a very good general land cover classification product for the nation, it is important to indicate to the user where there might be some potential problems.  The biggest concerns are listed below:

        1) Some of the TM data sets are not temporally ideal. Leaves-off data
sets are heavily relied upon for discriminating between hay/pasture and row crop, and also for discriminating between forest classes.  The success of discriminating between these classes using leaves-off data sets hinges on the time of data acquisition.  When hay/pasture areas are non-green, they are not easily distinguishable from other agricultural areas using remotely sensed data.  However, there is a temporal window during which hay and pasture areas green up before most other vegetation (excluding evergreens, which have different spectral properties); during
        this window these areas are easily distinguishable from other crop
        areas. The discrimination between hay/pasture and deciduous forest is
        likewise optimized by selecting data in a temporal window  where
deciduous vegetation has yet to leaf out. It is difficult to acquire a single-date of imagery (leaves-on or leaves-off) that adequately
        differentiates between both deciduous/hay and pasture and hay pasture
        /row crop.

        2) The data sets used cover a range of years (see data sources), and
changes that have taken place across the landscape over the time period may not have been captured.  While this is not viewed as a major problem for most classes, it is possible that some land cover features changemore rapidly than might be expected (e.g. hay one year, row crop the
        next).

3)  Wetlands classes are extremely difficult to extract from Landsat TM spectral information alone.  The  use of ancillary information such as National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data is highly desirable.  We relied on GAP, LUDA, or proximity to streams and rivers as well as spectral data to delineate wetlands in areas without NWI data.

4) Separation of natural grass and shrub is problematic. Areas observed on the ground to be shrub or grass are not always distinguishable spectrally. Likewise, there was often disagreement between LUDA and GAP on these classes.

        
Acknowledgments

        This work was performed under contract the U.S. Geological
        Survey(Contract 1434-CR-97-CN-40274).

        References

More detailed information on the methodologies and techniques employed in this work can be found in the following:

Kelly, P.M., and White, J.M., 1993. Preprocessing remotely sensed data for efficient analysis and classification, Applications of Artificial Intelligence 1993: Knowledge-Based Systems in Aerospace and Industry,Proceeding of SPIE, 1993, 24-30.

        Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe, 1979.
Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States,Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

        Vogelmann, J.E., Sohl, T., and Howard, S.M., 1998. "Regional
        Characterization of Land Cover Using Multiple Sources of Data."
        Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. 64, No. 1,
        pp. 45-47.

        Vogelmann, J.E., Sohl, T., Campbell, P.V., and Shaw, D.M., 1998.
        "Regional Land Cover Characterization Using Landsat Thematic Mapper
        Data and Ancillary Data Sources." Environmental Monitoring and
        Assessment, Vol. 51, pp. 415-428.

Zhu, Z., Yang, L., Stehman, S., and Czaplewski, R., 1999. "Designing an Accuracy Assessment for USGS Regional Land Cover Mapping Program."
        (In review) Photogrametric Engineering & Remote Sensing.

      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat thematic mapper (TM)
      Process_Date: 19990601
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Organization_Primary:
            Contact_Organization:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
          Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing and physical address
            Address:
              U.S. Geological Survey
              EROS Data Center
            City: Sioux Falls
            State_or_Province: SD
            Postal_Code: 57198
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6551
          Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6933
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6589
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: CUSTSERV@EDCMAIL.CR.USGS.GOV
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
    Row_Count: 23944
    Column_Count: 22795
    Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Map_Projection:
        Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area
        Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:
          Standard_Parallel: 29.5
          Standard_Parallel: 45.5
          Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -96.0
          Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23.0
          False_Easting: 0
          False_Northing: 0
      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 30.0
          Ordinate_Resolution: 30.0
        Planar_Distance_Units: meters
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983
      Ellipsoid_Name: Geographic Reference System 80
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      NOTE - All classes may NOT be represented in a specific state data set.
      The class number represents the digital value of the class in the data
      set.

      Water
      11 Open Water
      12 Perennial Ice/Snow

      Developed
      21 Low Intensity Residential
      22 High Intensity Residential
      23 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation

      Barren
      31 Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
      32 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
      33 Transitional

      Vegetated; Natural Forested Upland
      41 Deciduous Forest
      42 Evergreen Forest
      43 Mixed Forest

      Shrubland
      51 Shrubland

      Non-natural Woody
      61 Orchards/Vineyards/Other

      Herbaceous Upland
      71 Grasslands/Herbaceous

      Herbaceous Planted/Cultivated
      81 Pasture/Hay
      82 Row Crops
      83 Small Grains
      84 Fallow
      85 Urban/Recreational Grasses

      Wetlands
      91 Woody Wetlands
      92 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands

      NLCD Land Cover Classification System Land Cover Class Definitions:

      Water All areas of open water or permanent ice/snow cover.

      11. Open Water - areas of open water, generally with less
      than 25 percent or greater cover of water (per pixel).

      12. Perennial Ice/Snow  - All areas characterized by year-long
      cover of ice and/or snow.

      Developed - areas characterized by high percentage (approximately
      30% or greater) of constructed materials (e.g. asphalt, concrete,
      buildings, etc).

      21. Low Intensity Residential - Includes areas with a mixture of
      constructed materials and vegetation.  Constructed materials account
      for 30-80 percent of the cover. Vegetation may account for 20 to 70
      percent of the cover. These areas most commonly include single-family
housing units. Population densities will be lower than in high intensity residential areas.

      22. High Intensity Residential - Includes heavily built up urban
      centers where people reside in high numbers. Examples include
      apartment   complexes and row houses. Vegetation accounts for less
      than 20 percent of the cover.  Constructed materials account for
      80-100 percent of the cover.

      23. Commercial/Industrial/Transportation - Includes infrastructure
      (e.g. roads, railroads, etc.) and all highways and all developed areas
      not classified as High Intensity Residential.

      Barren - Areas characterized by bare rock, gravel, sad, silt, clay, or
      other earthen material, with little or no "green" vegetation present
      regardless of its inherent ability to support life. Vegetation, if
      present, is more widely spaced and scrubby than that in the
      "green"vegetated categories; lichen cover may be extensive.

      31. Bare Rock/Sand/Clay - Perennially barren areas of bedrock, desert,
      pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, and
      other accumulations of earthen material.

      32. Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits - Areas of extractive mining
      activities with significant surface expression.

      33. Transitional - Areas of sparse vegetative cover (less than 25
      percent that are dynamically changing from one land cover to
      another, often because of land use activities.  Examples include
forest clearcuts, a transition phase between forest and agricultural land, the temporary clearing of vegetation, and changes due to natural causes (e.g. fire, flood, etc.)

      Forested Upland - Areas characterized by tree cover (natural or
      Semi-natural woody vegetation, generally greater than 6 meters tall);
      Tree canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover.

      41. Deciduous Forest - Areas dominated by trees where 75 percent
      or more of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to
      seasonal change.

      42. Evergreen Forest -  Areas characterized by trees where 75 percent
      or more of the tree species maintain their leaves all year.  Canopy is
      never without green foliage.

      43. Mixed Forest -  Areas dominated by trees where neither
      deciduous nor evergreen species represent more than 75 percent
      of the cover present.

      Shrubland - Areas characterized by natural or semi-natural woody
      vegetation with aerial stems, generally less than 6 meters tall
with individuals or clumps not touching to interlocking.  Both evergreen and deciduous species of true shrubs, young trees, and trees or shrubs that are small or stunted because of environmental conditions are included.

      51. Shrubland - Areas dominated by shrubs; shrub canopy accounts
      for 25-100 percent of the cover. Shrub cover is generally greater
      than 25 percent when tree cover is less than 25 percent. Shrub cover
      may be less than 25 percent in cases when the cover of other life forms
      (e.g. herbaceous or tree) is less than 25 percent and shrubs cover
      exceeds the cover of the other life forms.

      Non-natural Woody - Areas dominated by non-natural woody
      vegetation; non-natural woody vegetative canopy accounts for
      25-100 percent of the cover. The non-natural woody classification
      is subject to the availability of sufficient ancillary data to
differentiate non-natural woody vegetation from  natural woody vegetation.

      61. Orchards/Vineyards/Other - Orchards, vineyards, and other areas
      planted or maintained for the production of fruits, nuts, berries, or
      ornamentals.

      Herbaceous Upland - Upland areas characterized by natural or
      semi- natural herbaceous vegetation;  herbaceous vegetation
      accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover.

      71. Grasslands/Herbaceous - Areas dominated by upland grasses
      and forbs.  In rare cases, herbaceous cover is less than 25 percent,
      but exceeds the combined cover of the woody species present.
      These areas are not subject to intensive management, but they are
      often utilized for  grazing.

      Planted/Cultivated - Areas characterized by herbaceous vegetation
      That has been planted or is intensively managed for the production
      of food, feed, or fiber; or is maintained in developed settings for
      specific purposes. Herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent
      of the cover.

      81. Pasture/Hay - Areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures
      planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops.

      82. Row Crops -  Areas used for the production of crops, such
      as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton.

      83. Small Grains -  Areas used for the production of graminoid
      crops such as wheat, barley, oats, and rice

      84. Fallow - Areas used for the production of crops that are
      temporarily barren or with sparse  vegetative cover as a result of
      being tilled in a management practice that incorporates prescribed
      alternation between cropping and tillage.

      85. Urban/Recreational Grasses - Vegetation (primarily grasses) planted
      in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic
      purposes. Examples include parks, lawns, golf courses, airport grasses,
      and industrial site grasses.

      Wetlands - Areas where the soil or substrate is periodically saturated
      with or covered with water as defined by Cowardin et al.

      91. Woody Wetlands - Areas where forest or shrubland vegetation
      accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover and the soil or substrate
      is periodically saturated with or covered with water.

      92. Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands -  Areas where perennial
      herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover
      and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered
      with water.

    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: NLCD Regional Land Cover Classification System Key Rev. 11/98
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: Sioux Falls
        City: SD
        State_or_Province: SD
        Postal_Code: 57198
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6551
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: South Carolina Land Cover
  Distribution_Liability:
    Although these data have been processed successfully on
    a computer system at the USGS, no warrenty expressed or
    implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data
    on any other system, nor does the act of distribution
    constitute any such warrenty.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: GeoTIFF
        Format_Information_Content:
          GeoTIFF is a standard for storing georeference and geocoding
          information in a TIFF 6.0 compliant raster file (uncompressed).
        Transfer_Size: 227.9 Mb
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Offline_Option:
          Offline_Media: Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
          Recording_Format: ISO 9660
    Fees:
      Current prices for the GEOTIFF NLCD data sets on CD-ROM are
      subject to change.
      Call 1-888-ASK-USGS for current prices or refer to
      http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/helpdocs/prices.html.
    Ordering_Instructions:
      NLCD data may be obtained in the following ways:

      1.  Contacting the nearest Digital Cartographic Data Business Partner
      (GeoTIFF CD-ROM products only).  A list of the Business Partners
      is available at: http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/partners/bpmain.html;
      2.  Calling 1-888-ASK-USGS
      3.  Ordering online via the USGS Global Land Information System at:
      http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/Webglis/
      Users of the Global Land Information System should search under the
      Land Cover category.
      4.  Visiting and ordering online through the NLCD availability page
      at: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/mrlcreg.html
  Technical_Prerequisites:
    Geo-TIFF viewing software.  Some examples are ESRI's ARC/EXPLORER and
    USGS's DLGV32.  The DLGV32 viewer is available free for download at
    the MidContinent Mapping Center web site (http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/).
    Digital image processing software or geographic information system
    software is required to analyze or otherwise manipulate the data.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20000114
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          EROS Data Center
        City: Sioux Falls
        State_or_Province: SD
        Postal_Code: 57198
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6551
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name:
    Federal Geographic Data Committee.  Content standard for digital
    geospatial metadata (revised June 1998). Federal Geographic Data
    Committee.  Washington, D.C.
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

