# Base Flow of Michigan Streams

Metadata also available as

## Metadata:

- Identification_Information
- Data_Quality_Information
- Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
- Spatial_Reference_Information
- Entity_and_Attribute_Information
- Distribution_Information
- Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Groundwater Inventory and Mapping Project, a cooperative effort between the Water Bureau - Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, USGS - Michigan Water Science Center and Michigan State University - Institute of Water Research, RS&GIS and Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering. This project was mandated by P.A. 148 (Michigan Acts of 2003). Major funding was provided by MDEQ, supplemented with additional funds from the USGS Cooperative Water Program.
      Publication_Date: June 30th, 2005
      Title: Base Flow of Michigan Streams
      Edition: 1.0
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
      Publication_Information:
      Online_Linkage: <http://gwmap.rsgis.msu.edu/>
      Larger_Work_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Groundwater Inventory and Map Project
          Publication_Date: August 18th,2005
          Title: Executive Summary - Public Act 148:
          Edition: 1st
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: PDF Document
          Online_Linkage: <http://gwmap.rsgis.msu.edu/>
  Description:
    Abstract:
      This data set provides estimates of the ground-water contribution to stream flow, frequently referred to as base flow, in cubic feet per second.

      The baseflow of a stream or river is the amount of groundwater discharged from an aquifer to the watercourse. This discharge occurs year-round, and fluctuates seasonally depending on the level of the water in the aquifer. Baseflow is supplemented by direct runoff during and immediately after precipitation or melt events, resulting in peaks on a hydrograph showing stream flow through time. The process of dividing these peaks into base flow and runoff is called hydrograph separation.

      Hydrograph separations were completed for all USGS stream- flow gaging stations in Michigan that had more than 10 years of daily records. Sites that were clearly affected by upstream impoundments (lakes, dams) were excluded. No attempt was made to detect or correct for trends in the data. This may lead to some errors in the comparison of streams with data from different time periods if there is an underlying temporal trend in the data, but inclusion of all records in the analysis was necessary to increase the data pool and provide better spatial coverage. Watersheds were delineated for each of the 208 stream-flow gaging stations, and various characteristics of each watershed, such as topographic relief, surficial geology, land cover, growing degree days, annual and winter-season precipitation, and others were tabulated. Regression modeling, described in the Technical Report, was used to estimate the baseflow for each steam segment of the 1:100,000-scale National Hydrography Dataset.

    Purpose:
      This data was generated to support decision making pursuant to Michigan PA 148.
    Supplemental_Information:
      Several areas in Southeast Michigan, particualrly within the Rouge, Huron, and Raisin watersheds, were not estimated. Other areas, such as islands within the Great lakes, were also not estimated.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date: June 30th, 2005
        Time_of_Day: unknown
    Currentness_Reference: publication date
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -90.172753
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.801049
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.533320
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.670939
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: Ground water
      Theme_Keyword: Base flow
      Theme_Keyword: Stream flow
    Place:
      Place_Keyword: Michigan
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
  Access_Constraints: No restrictions on access
  Use_Constraints: No restrictions on use
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Steve Aichele
        Contact_Organization: US Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Geographer
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5
        City: Lansing
        State_or_Province: Michigan
        Postal_Code: 48911
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 517-887-8918
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 517-887-8937
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: saichele@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
  Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey Michigan Water Science Center
  Security_Information:
    Security_Classification: Unclassified
  Native_Data_Set_Environment:
    Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.722

Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      The estimated baseflow values are consistent with general trends across the state but do not explicitly account for withdrawals or augmentations. Although flows generally decrease downstream, no explicit mass conservation was required in the model, thus the flow in a reach may not equal the sum of its contributing reaches.
    Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: None
  Completeness_Report: None
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
        Positional accuracy is identical to source linework from National Hydrography Dataset
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
      Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: NA
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS
          Title: National Hydrography Dataset 100K Flowlines
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NHD 100K
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Delineated drainage basins for stream gages based on conditioned DEM from UGS Aquatic GAP project.
      Process_Date: Unknown
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Developed a multivariate regression model relating base flow (as described by HYSEP 3, Sloto and Crouse, 1998) to characteristics of watersheds based on Neff and others (2005). Significant predictive variables were:

        Eastern Lower Peninsula - Area, agricultural fraction, urban fraction, annual growing degree days, annual precipitation, and percent lacustrine deposits.

        Western Lower Peninsula - Area, winter perecipitation, till percentage, and forest percentage

        Upper peninsula - Area, winter precipitation, growing degree days

      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        Neff, B.P., Day, S.M., Piggott, A.R., and Fuller, L.M., Base Flow in the Great Lakes Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5217, 23 p.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        Sloto, R.A., and Crouse, M.Y., 1998, HYSEP : a computer program for streamflow hydrograph separation and analysis, USGS WRIR 96-4040
      Process_Date: Unknown
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Calculated relevant landscape characteristics for the watershed associated with each reach in the 1:100K NHD.
      Process_Date: Unknown
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Applied regression equation from process step 1 to attributes developed in process step 2 to arrive at estiomated base flow for each reach inthe 1:100K NHD.
  Cloud_Cover: NA

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
  Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
    SDTS_Terms_Description:
      SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String
      Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 35035
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
    Row_Count: 1344
    Column_Count: 1655
    Vertical_Count: 1

Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Map_Projection:
        Map_Projection_Name: Oblique Mercator
        Oblique_Mercator:
          Scale_Factor_at_Center_Line: 0.999600
          Oblique_Line_Azimuth:
            Azimuthal_Angle: 337.255560
            Azimuth_Measure_Point_Longitude: -86.000000
          Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 45.309167
          False_Easting: 2546731.496000
          False_Northing: -4354009.816000
      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 0.001024
          Ordinate_Resolution: 0.001024
        Planar_Distance_Units: meters
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
      Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222
  Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
      Altitude_Distance_Units: feet
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
        Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Detailed_Description:
    Entity_Type:
      Entity_Type_Label: baseflow_7_1
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: FID
      Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number.
      Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
      Attribute_Domain_Values:
        Unrepresentable_Domain:
          Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: Shape
      Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry.
      Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
      Attribute_Domain_Values:
        Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features.
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: GAP_CODE
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: ORDER
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: SQ_MI
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: PU
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: BASE_FLOW
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: YIELD

Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Justin M Booth
        Contact_Organization: Remote Sensing & GIS Research and Outreach Services
      Contact_Position: Information Technology Professional
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 1405 South Harrison, Room 308
        City: East Lansing
        State_or_Province: MI
        Postal_Code: 48823
        Country: United States of America
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: boothj@msu.edu
  Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
  Distribution_Liability:
    The State of Michigan or the Ground Water Inventory and Mapping Project partnership assumes no liability for results or conclusions drawn from use of this data.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Transfer_Size: 19.582

Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20051028
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: Remote Sensing & GIS Research and Outreach Services
        Contact_Person: Justin M Booth
      Contact_Position: Information Technology Professional
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: Geography Building, Michiagn State University
        City: East Lansing
        State_or_Province: MI
        Postal_Code: 48824
        Country: United States of America
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 517-432-0446
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 517-353-1821
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: boothj@msu.edu
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: <http://gwmap.rsgis.msu.edu/>
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: <http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html>
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile

Generated by `mp` version 2.8.6 on Fri Oct 28 14:51:59 2005